Mittal introduction petroleum is a form of bitumen composed principally of hydrocarbons and existing in the gaseous or liquid state in its natural reservoir. Psulphur, oxygen, carbondioxide, nitrogen and trace metals. In the years that followed, the shale boom yielded a huge increase in domestic energy production, which came with new environmental challenges, opportunities, and uncertainties. Other substances derived from crude oil and natural gas. Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels. Compounds that contain only elements of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons and constitute the largest group of organic compounds found in petroleum. Petroleum and the environment to give the general public, educators, and policy makers a better under standing of environmental concerns related to petroleum resources. The composition of gasolines varies widely, depending on the crude oils used, the. Petroleum hydrocarbons are a complex mixture of over 1,000 compounds with different physical and chemical properties. The regularities of sludge layers distribution in the storage ponds have been established. The exact chemical composition and structure of crude oil depends on which critters originally went into it, how long it baked underground, and at what. Here is a look at what petroleum jelly is and its chemical composition. Chemical and physical properties of refined petroleum products.
Included in the presentation is a brief discussion of the nonhydrocarbon constituents of petroleum, covering sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metallic constituents, together with more detailed information regarding the hydrocarbon constituents which comprise the bulk of crude petroleum. The chemical composition depends on its source, but it usually consists of about 10 different hydrocarbons, each containing 10 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Given that vegetable waxes have a different chemical composition to the petroleum ones, we identified characterization testing and differential specifications for these products. Introduction a great amount of petroleum sludge is formed. A latin word petra means rock and oleum means oil therefore rock oil hydrocarbons hydrocarbon generaly another term used with word petroleum for. Analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and petroleum products james g. The uses of petroleum as a source of raw material in manufacturing are central to the functioning of modern industry. Chemical composition of the light petroleum extract of.
Note that most crude oils contain substantially more hydrogen than coals. Physical and chemical properties of crude oils and their. Petroleum or crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. The composition varies widely depending on where and how the petroleum was formed. The petroleum refining industry employs a wide variety of processes.
Properties of petroleum the elemental composition of petroleum is much less variable than that of coal. This paper presents a survey of our present knowledge of the composition of petroleum. Trace metals occur in petroleum coke, as metal chelates or porphyrins, or, intercalated in the coke structure and not chemically bonded api, 2007. Conclusions the physical and chemical properties of some petroleum cokes produced in several different refineries have been examined. Highresolution mass spectrometry enables molecular characterization of heavy petroleum fractions for petroleomics research. In fact, chemical analysis can be used to fingerprint the source of petroleum. Typical composition of petroleum is as element %age carbon 8487 hydrogen 1115 nitrogen 0. Crude oil at a glance refineries exist to convert crude oil into finished petroleum products. This comprehensive volume follows up and expands on an earlier. It is a complex mixture of thousands of different organic compounds mutually dissolved or dispersed. Feb 02, 2016 petroleum, or crude oil as it is now usually referred too when raw, contains several chemical compounds, the most prolific being the hydrocarbons themselves which give the petroleum composition its combustible nature.
Chemical composition of petroleum free download as powerpoint presentation. Introduction to petroleum refining and crude oil composition. Chemical composition of petroleum petroleum hydrocarbons. Petroleum chemistry what is the chemistry of petroleum. For a hydrocarbon with a given molecular formula c x h y, the number of possible isomers increases dramatically as the molecule. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. Natural gas composition and specifications fsc 432. Because the combustion characteristics of distillate and residual oils are different, their combustion can produce significantly different emissions. The chemical composition of petroleum samples also varies with the boiling range, which is even more important for the processing procedure. The chemical makeup of vapors emitted from petroleum fuels is predictable based on the composition of the fuels and the theoretical partitioning of chemicals released to soil and groundwater usepa 2002c. Pdf crudeoil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil.
The most prolific hydrocarbons found in the chemistry of petroleum are alkanes, these are also sometimes knows as branched or linear hydrocarbons. Motor oils are derived from petroleumbased and nonpetroleumsynthesized chemical compounds. Composition of petroleum advances in chemistry acs. Detailed chemical composition of straightrun vacuum gas. Studies on the chemical composition of artemisia campestris and hibiscus cannabinus kenaf have been performed.
Murali krishnan iit madras asphalt history and structure sept. The composition remains basically the same c, h, and o, with small amounts of s and n, but the heat allows more and more chemical bonds to form between the atoms. This then will allow definition of acceptable composition for a given performance which in turn is instructive to the. The example refinery flow scheme presented in figure 5. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules which defines its physical and chemical properties, like colour and. Jarullah physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products 1 density, specific gravity, and api gravity density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. In fact, its chemical and physical fractional composition can vary not only with the location and age of the oil field but also with the depth of the individual well. The typical composition of gasoline hydrocarbons % volume is as follows. We report the results of liquid characterization by two different laboratories.
The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is. Propane precipitates along with asphaltenes a mixture of polar aromatics and. Hence, to understand the fundamentals of petroleum refining, one must begin with crude oil. Speight 2476 overland road, laramie, wy 820704808, usa keywords. Petroleum also makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the united states, but is responsible for only 1 percent of electricity generation. Specifications, sampling, measurement, accuracy, precision, method validation, chemical composition, elemental composition, chemical composition. The chemical composition of petroleum coke is determined by the composition of the feedstocks used. Various polyaromatic compounds have also been measured in petroleum coke samples api, 2007. Characteristics of crude oil the hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories. The chemical composition of petroleum is largely speculative due to the difficulty of a complete identification caused by the enormous number of components. Chemical parameters using saturate hydrocarbons and aromatics are usually not suitable for determining organic type and thermal maturity of. Petroleum crude oil composition by weight element percent range carbon 83 to 87% hydrogen 10 to 14% nitrogen 0. Further, the composition studies are to define a set of practical analytical methods to describe composition. Since then, it has been used in various ointments and as a lubricant.
This paper provides strategies and solutions for obtaining quantitative analysis of a heavy petroleum fraction. Knowledge of structure parameters also contributes to the characterization and utilization of petroleum coke2. Petroleum fuels consist primarily of nparaffins, isoparaffins paraffin alkane saturated hydrocarbon chain. Consists of alkanes isoparaffincs, saturated cyclic alkanes naphthenics, alkylated aromatics. The characterization of woodpreserving creosote by physical. Complete sets of such data, however, are not available in the literature due to the complexity and expense of making the measurements. While most of the gas supplied to union gas is from western canada, some gas is supplied from other sources, including the united states and. It is formed by the diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter transforming the. The fluid catalytic cracking fcc slurry decant oil and its fractions were characterized.
The objective of the composition studies is to develop correlations between the chemical and physical properties. Petroleum petroleum is a mixture of several different hydrocarbons. Analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and. The most important substances present are hydrocarbons, which are compounds containing. The composition of the petroleum formed in a given geologic deposit depends chiefly on the nature of the original organic material and the basins thermal history tissot and welte, 1984. Petroleum s worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the worlds most important commodities. The main forms of petroleum are natural gas, condensate, and crude oil, the liquid part. Petroleum products are the basic materials used for the manufacture of synthetic fibers for clothing and in plastics, paints, fertilizers, insecticides, soaps, and synthetic rubber. Emissions from fuel oil combustion depend on the grade and composition of the fuel, the type and size of the boiler, the firing and loading practices used, and the level of equipment maintenance. The chemical composition of fuel oils varies greatly. Chemical composition of petroleum petroleum is not a uniform material. Used mineralbased crankcase oil is a complex mixture of low and high c. Characterization and properties of petroleum fractions.
The elemental composition of petroleum is much less variable than that of coal. Petroleum chemistry is made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. Identify the characteristics of crude oil understand the difference between sweet and sour crude oil identify the adverse health effects of crude oil. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes fkit. Chemical composition of natural gas natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture, consisting mainly of methane. Max nestler, chemist forest products laboratory, 1 forest service u. A refinerys processing flow scheme is largely determined by the composition of the crude oil feedstock and the chosen slate of petroleum products. A number of factors determine the quality of petroleum coke, such as. Vegetable and paraffinic waxes, the chemistry of candles. A rigorous discussion of the origin of petroleum should encompass all of. Oct 08, 2016 physical and chemical properties of petroleum 1. This chapter discusses the generation in the source rock, migration to the reservoir, and remobilization of petroleum to a new reservoir. Petroleum is a naturally occurring material in the earth composed predominantly of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen with and without other nonmetallic elements such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen.
However, raw petroleum or crude oil has characteristic properties and composition. Pdf characterization and properties of petroleum fractions. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 3 3. Crude oils also contain a great variety of heteroatomic chemical constituents, comprising of crude oil. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site.
Chemical composition of petroleum petroleum oil refinery. Crude oils are complex mixtures of a vast number of individual chemical compounds. Quantitative molecular composition of heavy petroleum. What is the chemical composition of petroleum and natural gas. Mo content of calcined cokes studied varies less in the large of 53. A significant percentage of the remaining chemical compound is the made up of aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes. There may be, however, considerable changes in composition during migration t o the reservoir and as a result of maturation and alteration processes operating in the reservoir. It is a mixture of about 10 different types of fairly simple hydrocarbons, depending on its source. We use the results of headspace gas chromatography carried out. Both the physical nature and chemical composition of petroleum are determined initially by the type of organic matter in the source rock where the petroleum is. However, results from mass spectrometry are usually not quantitative. Standard commercial jet fuel is essentially a highquality straightrun kerosene, and many military jet fuels are blends based on kerosene. Considering the blends between petroleum based products and vegetable waxes, we are also defining tests and specifications for these new hybrid products.
The chemical composition is set by manufacturing processes to satisfy a range of performance, physical and toxicological properties obtained from crude oil complex substances of hydrocarbon components. This comprehensive volume follows up and expands on an earlier national academy o. The chemical composition of used mineralbased crankcase oil varies widely and depends on the original crude oil, the processes used during refining, the efficiency and type of engine the oil is lubricating, the gasoline combustion products, the additives added to the fuel and to the original oil. A latin word petra means rock and oleum means oil therefore rock oil hydrocarbons hydrocarbon generaly another term used with word petroleum for any of its forms. The word petroleum originates from the latin petra rock and oleum oil. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Petroleum jelly or petrolatum was discovered as a paraffinlike material coating oil rigs. Both the physical nature and chemical composition of petroleum are determined initially by the type of organic matter in the source rock where the petroleum is generated. Kerosene or paraffin oil is a colorless, oily, highly flammable liquid with a strong odour, distilled from petroleum 1025 % of total volume.
Flash point and chemical composition of aviation kerosene. In this work, a quick and convenient method was developed to build a clear relationship between boiling points and structures of organic. Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with casno 64742489. Oxygen occurs in different forms in oxygenbearing resinous substances. Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum. Should petroleum be used as a fuel or as a resource of chemicals. Maltenes and asphaltenes of petroleum vacuum residues 95 fainberg et al. The hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories. Each source facies generates oil with distinct chemical composition that. It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a highoctane component of gasoline or petrol. These forms would not be expected to become airborne, except as components of particulate matter. The boiling point distribution of petroleum samples remarkably affects the refining process and economic evaluation. By using pentane, asphaltenes precipitate along with polar aromatics.
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